— Verdict to have no impact on Nawaz’s disqualification: Tarar
— SC’s judgment contradictory to law, constitution: Irfan Qadir
ISLAMABAD: The Supreme Court (SC) on Friday struck down the Supreme Court (Review of Judgments and Orders) Act 2023, which expands the scope of a review petition.
A three-member SC bench had reserved its verdict in the case on June 19 with an observation that decision regarding the case would determine the fate of the Election Commission of Pakistan’s (ECP) review against April 4 verdict of fixing May 14 as the date for holding Punjab Assembly elections.
A three-member bench headed by Chief Justice of Pakistan (CJP) Umar Ata Bandial, Justice Munib Akhtar, and Justice Ijazul Ahsan pronounced the reserved verdict.
The apex court, in a unanimous verdict on Friday, ruled that the Supreme Court (Review of Judgments and Orders) Act 2023 was “unconstitutional”, dampening the hopes of ex-PM Nawaz Sharif and Jahangir Tareen who were seeking to challenge their lifetime disqualifications.
The detailed verdict said that the law was “repugnant to and ultra vires the Constitution” while being beyond the legislative competence of Parliament. “It is accordingly struck down as null and void and of no legal effect,” the order said.
The order said that any attempt by way of ordinary legislation to interfere in the scope of the SC’s powers and jurisdiction, including but not limited to its review jurisdiction, would constitute a wrong and erroneous reading and interpretation of the Constitution.
The judgement further said that there was no “express authorisation” in the Constitution which empowered Parliament to enlarge the SC’s review jurisdiction under Article 188. “In addition, the 2023 Act does not ‘enlarge’ review jurisdiction, it ‘creates’ a new appellate jurisdiction which has no constitutional basis, sanction or authorisation,” the order said.
It further said that any legislation interfering with the independence of the judiciary, would by its nature and from its very inception, be “unconstitutional, null, void and of no legal effect”.
It said that a constitutional amendment was needed to convert the court’s review jurisdiction into an appellate jurisdiction. “It is a well-recognised principle that ordinary law cannot amend, change, delete of add to the Constitution,” the order said.
The order said that the so-called “enlargement” of the court’s jurisdiction had “no constitutional sanction or basis” and was not anchored in any provision of the Constitution relating to the judicature or the SC.
Meanwhile, Justice Akhtar penned an additional note, wherein he observed, “A review is not an appeal. Indeed, it is quite different and distinct from it. So says conventional wisdom.”
Justice Akhtar then recalled the history of review and appellate jurisdictions, beginning with the Government of India Act 1935, which he said “became the first Constitution for both, the dominions of Pakistan and India”.
Quoting numerous judgements, he arrived at the conclusion: “Here was the wisdom that became conventional: a review is not an appeal.”
Justice Akhtar cited Article 184 of the Constitution, which he said “deals with the appellate jurisdiction of the Court from judgements, decrees, etc of the high courts”. He observed that an appeal — whether granted by right or by the Supreme Court — does not lie on a question of fact but “only on questions of law”.
He concluded, “Therefore, […] section 2 (of the law) clearly goes beyond even Article 185 when it provides for the scope of the appeal as including questions of fact.”
Opposing the empowering of the petitioner to have a counsel of choice, Justice Akhtar cited Rule 6 of Order XXVI of Supreme Court Rules 1980, which “provides that unless special leave is obtained from the Court, it is only the advocate who appeared ‘at the hearing of the case’ who will ‘be heard in support of the application for review'”.
In the note, Justice Akhtar observed that Section 2 of the law sought to “transform the nature of the jurisdiction by purporting to alter the ‘scope’ in relation to judgements or orders under Article 184”.
“But that cannot mean that the review jurisdiction […] can be so altered that it, in substance, is transformed into an appellate jurisdiction,” he stated. The justice then went on to raise questions about members of the bench hearing the review.
Noting that the review under Section 2 of the enacted law would have to be heard as though it were an appeal under Article 185 of the Constitution, he recalled that it was a “settled and cardinal rule that no judge can hear an appeal from his or her own judgment”.
Highlighting that the said section created a “dilemma”, Justice Akhtar said the only way out of it would be for none of the judges who originally heard the latter to be part of the bench hearing the review petition. However, resultantly, the author of the judgement not being able to be part of the review bench was “certainly startling”, he added.
The judge stated that the resulting bench would “at one and same time, decide it in terms of two distinct and separate jurisdictions”, which he said was a “startling conclusion”.
Noting another issue arising from Section 3 of the law, Justice Akhtar observed that the “true nature of and intent behind section 2 [was] nothing other than a right of appeal masquerading as a ‘review’”.
Again objecting to Section 3, he said that as a result, a “full court could never be constituted to hear a matter” as “any such possibility would stand practically precluded by reason of section 3”.
He went on to observe that while the enacted law “purports only to regulate the review jurisdiction under Article 188, it oversteps that bound and contains and limits […] also the power” of the CJP.
Justice Akhtar in his note concluded that Sections 2 and 3 of the law “violate more than one constitutional principle and rule”, and were “ultra vires the legislative competence conferred by Article 188” of the Constitution. “However, this conclusion may, at this point, be marked as provisional,” he said.
Verdict to have no impact on Nawaz’s disqualification: Tarar
Meanwhile, former law minister Azam Nazeer Tarar said that the apex court’s verdict would have “no impact” on the cases pertaining to the disqualification of former premier Nawaz Sharif.
Speaking to Geo News shortly after the verdict was announced, Tarar termed the verdict “unfortunate”. “It is not a good tradition if courts will repeatedly interfere in Parliament’s workings and give verdicts that impair its independence,” he said.
When asked if the verdict could cause a delay in Nawaz’s expected return, Tarar said, “Not at all.”
He then referred to an amendment made to the Elections Act, which he said was “sort of a unanimous legislation”. The amendment limited disqualification of lawmakers to five years with retrospective effect.
He went on to argue that extending the disqualification period would “offend” the fundamental rights of a person as “taking part in politics, going into the public, asking for votes from the public are fundamental rights”.
Tarar further asserted that Nawaz and “dozens of others disqualified only in the cases of [Article] 184(3) are now, after five years, eligible to take part in elections under Article 232 (disqualification on account of offences) of the Elections Act”.
Recalling that the bill for amending the Elections Act was passed by the Senate amid an uproar, he insisted that the law was not “person-specific — just for mian Nawaz Sharif sahib — but for the benefit of many others so that justice can be served”.
“So this [verdict] has no impact relating to the cases of Nawaz Sharif sahib,” he said.
He highlighted that the timing of the verdict created a “perception” that the development could be considered as “taking advantage of the Parliament’s absence”.
He added that the verdict was announced after the dissolution of the National Assembly, meaning the law could not be referred back to it, and the “Parliament cannot immediately enact it again”.
On June 19, during the hearing, Chief Justice Umar Ata Bandial expressed his reservations, underscoring the importance of comprehensive consultation with experienced legal minds before enacting pivotal laws such as the Supreme Court (Review of Judgments and Orders) Act, 2023.
The CJP had also observed that the court welcomes and accepts that there should be remedy to the orders and judgements issued under Article 184(3) but such remedy should be crafted in accordance with the constitution by adding valid grounds rather than ordinary legislation. Why the government should not consider giving definition of the public importance an important ingredient while invoking petitions under Article 184(3), he wondered.
The Supreme Court approved the constitutional petitions against the new law granting right of appeal against the apex court decisions. The chief justice remarked that the parliament had no power to enact such a legislation. The CJP further remarked that the act was against the Constitution. It is learnt that the court had on Thursday sent electronic notices to the parties to the case for announcement of judgement on Friday.
Ghulam Mohiuddin, Zaman Khan Vardak, the Jurists Foundation, through its CEO Riaz Hanif Rahi, and the Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaf (PTI) had challenged the vires of the act. The apex court held six hearings from June 7 to 19 on petitions challenging the law, enacted in May.
Attorney General for Pakistan (AGP) Mansoor Usman Awan had asked the court to dismiss the pleas against the law, explaining that it broadens the court’s jurisdiction and does not curb its powers. However, PTI lawyer Ali Zafar had argued that a change in the Supreme Court’s powers could not be made through legislation alone and required a constitutional amendment.
It was worth mentioned here that the bill was passed by Parliament on May 5 amid a tussle with the judiciary. The bill, brought to the House through supplementary agenda, was moved by Senator Irfanul Haque Siddiqui, who is believed to be a close confidant of PML-N supremo Nawaz Sharif. The House had allowed its immediate consideration with a majority vote of 32-21.
The government had claimed that the bill was aimed to facilitate and strengthen the Supreme Court in exercise of its powers to review judgements and orders. However, the opposition saw it as an attempt to reverse the disqualification of PML-N supremo Nawaz Sharif.
It should be noted that apex court’s verdict comes a day after Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif said Nawaz Sharif would return to Pakistan next month, though he didn’t give an exact date.
Called the Supreme Court (Review of Judgements and Orders) Act 2023, the law is aimed at facilitating and strengthening the SC in the exercise of its powers to review its judgements.
The act asked to enlarge the jurisdiction of the apex court as expressly provided under Article 188 of the Constitution, which empowers the apex court to review any judgement and to ensure the fundamental right to justice by providing for meaningful review of judgments and orders passed by the SC in the exercise of its original jurisdiction under Article 184(3).
Under Section 2 of the act, the scope of the review, on both facts and law, will be the same as an appeal under Article 185 of the constitution. Section 3 says that a review petition will be heard by a bench larger than the bench which passed the original judgement or the order. Likewise, Section 4 empowers the petitioner filing review to appoint any advocate of the Supreme Court of their choice for the review petition.
It may be recalled that a verdict on the petitions will revive the political careers of former premier Nawaz Sharif and Istehkam-e-Pakistan Party (IPP) chief Jahangir Tareen who have been disqualified to contest elections.
SC’s judgment contradictory to law, constitution: Irfan Qadir
Former Attorney General Irfan Qadir has termed the apex court’s judgment in the Supreme Court (Review of Judgments and Orders) Act 2023 as contradictory to law and constitution.
Talking to a private Tv channel amid apex court’s verdict on Friday, he said that no clause included in Act was against constitution. Irfan Qadir said that the chief justice can’t constitute bench in the said case and the bench should have been formed in consultation of senior members.
The Supreme Court’s holds no importance, neither it would be acceptable, he added. The former AG said that it has to be observed whether decision comes under misconduct as the law was in accordance with the constitution and Parliament had not exceeded its power.
